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 What is the complete manufacturing process for producing tin ingots?

1. 1.
   ​​Raw Material Preparation​​
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     Primary source: Tin concentrate (cassiterite, SnO₂) from mining
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     Secondary source: Recycled tin from solder/e-waste
2. 2.
   ​​Smelting Process​​
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     Reduction smelting at 1200-1300°C using fuel oil/coal
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     Key reaction: SnO₂ + C → Sn + CO₂
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     Produces 99.5%-99.8% crude tin
3. 3.
   ​​Refining Stages​​
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     ​​Fire Refining:​​ Removes Sb, As by oxidation
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     ​​Alkali Treatment:​​ Removes sulfur/arsenic
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     ​​Acid Leaching:​​ Removes iron/other impurities
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     ​​Electrolytic Refining (for high purity):​​ Achieves 99.99% purity
4. 4.
   ​​Casting Process​​
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     Continuous casting or ingot mold casting
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     Standard ingot weight: 25-40kg
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     Cooling control to prevent internal stresses
5. 5.
   ​​Quality Control​​
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     Spectroscopic analysis (ICP/AAS)
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     Dimensional inspection
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     Surface defect checking
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